Shipboard Propulsion, Power Electronics, and Ocean Energy
Year: 2012 Language: English Author: Mukund R. Patel Genre: Practical guide Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1439888515, 9781439888513 Format: PDF Quality: eBook Pages count: 379 Description: Shipboard Propulsion, Power Electronics, and Ocean Energy fills the need for a comprehensive book that covers modern shipboard propulsion and the power electronics and ocean energy technologies that drive it. With a breadth and depth not found in other books, it examines the power electronics systems for ship propulsion and for extracting ocean energy, which are mirror images of each other. Comprised of sixteen chapters, the book is divided into four parts: - Power Electronics and Motor Drives explains basic power electronics converters and variable-frequency drives, cooling methods, and quality of power - Electric Propulsion Technologies focuses on the electric propulsion of ships using recently developed permanent magnet and superconducting motors, as well as hybrid propulsion using fuel cell, photovoltaic, and wind power - Renewable Ocean Energy Technologies explores renewable ocean energy from waves, marine currents, and offshore wind farms - System Integration Aspects discusses two aspects—energy storage and system reliability—that are essential for any large-scale power system This timely book evolved from the author’s 30 years of work experience at General Electric, Lockheed Martin, and Westinghouse Electric and 15 years of teaching at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. As a textbook, it is ideal for an elective course at marine and naval academies with engineering programs. It is also a valuable reference for commercial and military shipbuilders, port operators, renewable ocean energy developers, classification societies, machinery and equipment manufacturers, researchers, and others interested in modern shipboard power and propulsion systems. The information provided herein does not necessarily represent the view of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy or the U.S. Department of Transportation. This book is a companion to Shipboard Electrical Power Systems (CRC Press, 2011), by the same author. Additional info: See also: https://seatracker.info/viewtopic.php?t=48234
Contents
Contents Preface.................................................... xiii Acknowledgments ........................................... xv About the Author .......................................... xvii About This Book ........................................... xix Systems of Units and Conversion Factors ................... xxi Part A Power Electronics and Motor Drives Chapter 1 Power Electronics Devices ........................ 3 1.1 Diode ................................................. 7 1.2 Thyristor ............................................. 12 1.3 Power Transistor ...................................... 14 1.4 Hybrid Devices ........................................ 16 1.5 Di/Dt and Dv/Dt Snubber Circuits ...................... 17 1.6 Switching Power Loss .................................. 21 1.7 Device Application Trends ............................. 24 1.8 Device Cooling and Rerating ........................... 25 Problems .................................................. 26 Questions ................................................. 27 Further Reading ........................................... 27 Chapter 2 DC-DC Converters ................................. 29 2.1 Buck Converter ........................................ 29 2.2 Boost Converter ....................................... 36 2.3 Buck-Boost Converter................................... 38 2.4 Flyback Converter (Buck or Boost) ..................... 38 2.5 Transformer-Coupled Forward Converter ................. 40 2.6 Push-Pull Converter ................................... 41 2.7 Inductor-Coupled Buck Converter ....................... 41 2.8 Duty Ratio Control Circuit ............................ 42 2.9 Load Power Converter .................................. 42 2.10 Power Supply ......................................... 44 Problems .................................................. 46 Questions ................................................. 47 Further Reading ........................................... 47 Chapter 3 AC-DC-AC Converters .............................. 49 3.1 AC-DC Rectifier ....................................... 49 3.2 AC-AC Voltage Converter ............................... 62 3.3 DC-AC Inverter ........................................ 64 3.4 Frequency Converter ................................... 74 3.5 Thyristor Turnoff (Commutation) Circuits .............. 79 3.6 Other Power Electronics Applications .................. 81 3.7 Common Converter Terms ................................ 83 3.8 Notes on Converter Design ............................. 84 Problems .................................................. 87 Questions ................................................. 88 Further Reading ........................................... 89 Chapter 4 Variable-Frequency Drives ........................ 91 4.1 Pump Performance Characteristics ...................... 92 4.2 Pump Energy Savings with VFD .......................... 94 4.3 Shipboard Use of VFDs ................................. 98 4.4 VFD for Medium-Size Motor ............................. 98 4.5 Constant V/f Ratio Operation .......................... 101 4.6 Commutation and Control Methods ....................... 107 4.7 Open-Loop Control System .............................. 109 4.8 Vector Control Drives ................................. 109 4.9 Propulsion with a Twelve-Pulse VFD .................... 111 4.10 Special VFD Cables ................................... 111 4.11 Variable-Voltage DC Motor Drive ...................... 114 4.12 Variable-Speed Drive in Metro Trains ................. 116 4.13 VFD as Large-Motor Starter ........................... 117 4.14 Converter Topologies Compared ........................ 118 4.15 Notes on VFDs ........................................ 119 Problems .................................................. 121 Questions ................................................. 122 Further Reading ........................................... 122 Chapter 5 Quality of Power ................................. 123 5.1 Power Quality Terminology ............................. 123 5.2 Electrical Bus Model .................................. 125 5.3 Harmonics ............................................. 128 5.4 Power Quality Studies ................................. 140 5.5 Harmonic Reduction .................................... 141 5.6 IEEE Standard 519 ..................................... 151 5.7 International Standards ............................... 153 Problems .................................................. 153 Questions ................................................. 155 Further Reading ........................................... 156 Chapter 6 Power Converter Cooling .......................... 157 6.1 Heat Transfer by Conduction ........................... 157 6.2 Multiple Conduction Paths ............................. 159 6.3 Convection and Radiation .............................. 162 6.4 Thermal Transient ..................................... 164 6.5 Water Cooling ......................................... 165 Problems .................................................. 173 Questions ................................................. 174 Further Reading ........................................... 175 Part B Electric Propulsion technologies Chapter 7 Electric Propulsion Systems ...................... 179 7.1 Current Status of Electric Propulsion ................. 180 7.2 Integrated Electric Propulsion ........................ 185 7.3 Azimuth Z Drive ....................................... 186 7.4 Azimuth Pod Drive ..................................... 187 7.5 Advantages of Electric Propulsion ..................... 189 7.6 Electric Propulsion Architecture ...................... 194 7.7 Motor Drives and Speed Control ........................ 197 7.8 Power Electronics Converters for VFD .................. 198 7.9 Propulsion Power Requirement .......................... 203 Questions ................................................. 207 Further Reading ........................................... 207 Chapter 8 Propulsion Motors ................................ 209 8.1 Synchronous Motor ..................................... 210 8.2 Induction Motor ....................................... 211 8.3 Permanent Magnet Motor ................................ 212 8.4 Superconducting Synchronous Motor ..................... 214 8.5 Superconducting Homopolar Motor ....................... 217 8.6 Other Motor Types ..................................... 221 8.7 Other Components ...................................... 223 8.8 Notes on Propulsion Motors ............................ 223 Questions ................................................. 224 Further Reading ........................................... 224 Chapter 9 Superconductors in Navy Ships..................... 225 9.1 Superconductivity ..................................... 225 9.2 Degaussing Coil ....................................... 226 9.3 Synchronous Machines .................................. 229 9.4 Superconducting Energy Storage ........................ 231 9.5 Industry Applications ................................. 234 9.6 Research Applications ................................. 235 9.7 Critical B, J, T of the Superconductor ................ 237 9.8 Coil Design and Cooling ............................... 239 Questions ................................................. 241 Further Reading ........................................... 241 Chapter 10 Fuel Cell Power ................................. 243 10.1 Electrochemistry ..................................... 244 10.2 Electrical Performance ............................... 247 10.3 Common Fuel Cell Types ............................... 250 10.4 Present and Future Use ............................... 252 10.5 Present Development Issues ........................... 257 Questions ................................................. 258 Further Reading ........................................... 258 Chapter 11 Hybrid Propulsion ............................... 261 11.1 Environmental Regulations ............................ 261 11.2 Hybrid Tugboat ....................................... 262 11.3 Hybrid Ferry ......................................... 264 11.4 Hybrid Automobile .................................... 267 11.5 Magnetohydrodynamics Propulsion in Ships ............. 268 Questions ................................................. 271 Further Reading ........................................... 271 Part C Emerging Ocean Energy technologies Chapter 12 Ocean Wave Power ................................ 275 12.1 Wave Power Estimate .................................. 275 12.2 Power Generation Schemes ............................. 278 Questions ................................................. 286 Further Reading ........................................... 286 Chapter 13 Marine Current Power ............................ 287 13.1 Speed and Power Relations ............................ 288 13.2 Present Developments ................................. 295 Questions ................................................. 298 Further Reading ........................................... 298 Chapter 14 Offshore Wind Power ............................. 299 14.1 Wind Power Theory .................................... 300 14.2 Offshore Advantages .................................. 304 14.3 Power Transmission to Shore .......................... 304 14.4 AC versus DC Cable ................................... 306 14.5 Offshore Foundations ................................. 308 14.6 Farshore Foundations ................................. 312 14.7 Installations and Maintenance ........................ 313 14.8 Forces on Structure .................................. 315 14.9 Materials and Corrosion .............................. 315 14.10 Offshore Wind Power Trends .......................... 317 14.11 Environmental Regulations ........................... 319 14.12 International Safety Regulation ..................... 319 Questions ................................................. 320 Further Reading ........................................... 321 Part D System Integration aspects Chapter 15 Large-Scale Energy Storage ...................... 325 15.1 Electrochemical Battery .............................. 325 15.2 Supercapacitor ....................................... 326 15.3 Rotating Flywheel .................................... 328 15.4 Superconducting Coil ................................. 333 15.5 Compressed Air ....................................... 334 Questions ................................................. 336 Further Reading ........................................... 336 Chapter 16 System Reliability Fundamentals ................. 337 16.1 Failure Mechanisms ................................... 337 16.2 Aging of Power Electronics Devices ................... 338 16.3 Failure Rate in Time ................................. 338 16.4 Random Failures ...................................... 339 16.5 Fundamental Theorems of Reliability .................. 341 16.6 Series-Parallel Reliability .......................... 341 16.7 Redundancies ......................................... 344 16.8 Failure Rate Statistics .............................. 346 16.9 Mil-Hdbk-217 ......................................... 347 16.10 Part Count Method of Reliability Estimate ........... 348 16.11 Derating for Reliability............................. 349 16.12 Quick Estimate of Failure Rate ...................... 349 16.13 Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis .... 350 Questions ................................................. 350 Further Reading ........................................... 350 Index ..................................................... 351
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Shipboard Propulsion, Power Electronics, and Ocean Energy
Language: English
Author: Mukund R. Patel
Genre: Practical guide
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1439888515, 9781439888513
Format: PDF
Quality: eBook
Pages count: 379
Description: Shipboard Propulsion, Power Electronics, and Ocean Energy fills the need for a comprehensive book that covers modern shipboard propulsion and the power electronics and ocean energy technologies that drive it. With a breadth and depth not found in other books, it examines the power electronics systems for ship propulsion and for extracting ocean energy, which are mirror images of each other.
Comprised of sixteen chapters, the book is divided into four parts:
- Power Electronics and Motor Drives explains basic power electronics converters and variable-frequency drives, cooling methods, and quality of power
- Electric Propulsion Technologies focuses on the electric propulsion of ships using recently developed permanent magnet and superconducting motors, as well as hybrid propulsion using fuel cell, photovoltaic, and wind power
- Renewable Ocean Energy Technologies explores renewable ocean energy from waves, marine currents, and offshore wind farms
- System Integration Aspects discusses two aspects—energy storage and system reliability—that are essential for any large-scale power system
This timely book evolved from the author’s 30 years of work experience at General Electric, Lockheed Martin, and Westinghouse Electric and 15 years of teaching at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy.
As a textbook, it is ideal for an elective course at marine and naval academies with engineering programs. It is also a valuable reference for commercial and military shipbuilders, port operators, renewable ocean energy developers, classification societies, machinery and equipment manufacturers, researchers, and others interested in modern shipboard power and propulsion systems.
The information provided herein does not necessarily represent the view of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy or the U.S. Department of Transportation.
This book is a companion to Shipboard Electrical Power Systems (CRC Press, 2011), by the same author.
Additional info: See also:
https://seatracker.info/viewtopic.php?t=48234
Contents
Preface.................................................... xiii
Acknowledgments ........................................... xv
About the Author .......................................... xvii
About This Book ........................................... xix
Systems of Units and Conversion Factors ................... xxi
Part A Power Electronics and Motor Drives
Chapter 1 Power Electronics Devices ........................ 3
1.1 Diode ................................................. 7
1.2 Thyristor ............................................. 12
1.3 Power Transistor ...................................... 14
1.4 Hybrid Devices ........................................ 16
1.5 Di/Dt and Dv/Dt Snubber Circuits ...................... 17
1.6 Switching Power Loss .................................. 21
1.7 Device Application Trends ............................. 24
1.8 Device Cooling and Rerating ........................... 25
Problems .................................................. 26
Questions ................................................. 27
Further Reading ........................................... 27
Chapter 2 DC-DC Converters ................................. 29
2.1 Buck Converter ........................................ 29
2.2 Boost Converter ....................................... 36
2.3 Buck-Boost Converter................................... 38
2.4 Flyback Converter (Buck or Boost) ..................... 38
2.5 Transformer-Coupled Forward Converter ................. 40
2.6 Push-Pull Converter ................................... 41
2.7 Inductor-Coupled Buck Converter ....................... 41
2.8 Duty Ratio Control Circuit ............................ 42
2.9 Load Power Converter .................................. 42
2.10 Power Supply ......................................... 44
Problems .................................................. 46
Questions ................................................. 47
Further Reading ........................................... 47
Chapter 3 AC-DC-AC Converters .............................. 49
3.1 AC-DC Rectifier ....................................... 49
3.2 AC-AC Voltage Converter ............................... 62
3.3 DC-AC Inverter ........................................ 64
3.4 Frequency Converter ................................... 74
3.5 Thyristor Turnoff (Commutation) Circuits .............. 79
3.6 Other Power Electronics Applications .................. 81
3.7 Common Converter Terms ................................ 83
3.8 Notes on Converter Design ............................. 84
Problems .................................................. 87
Questions ................................................. 88
Further Reading ........................................... 89
Chapter 4 Variable-Frequency Drives ........................ 91
4.1 Pump Performance Characteristics ...................... 92
4.2 Pump Energy Savings with VFD .......................... 94
4.3 Shipboard Use of VFDs ................................. 98
4.4 VFD for Medium-Size Motor ............................. 98
4.5 Constant V/f Ratio Operation .......................... 101
4.6 Commutation and Control Methods ....................... 107
4.7 Open-Loop Control System .............................. 109
4.8 Vector Control Drives ................................. 109
4.9 Propulsion with a Twelve-Pulse VFD .................... 111
4.10 Special VFD Cables ................................... 111
4.11 Variable-Voltage DC Motor Drive ...................... 114
4.12 Variable-Speed Drive in Metro Trains ................. 116
4.13 VFD as Large-Motor Starter ........................... 117
4.14 Converter Topologies Compared ........................ 118
4.15 Notes on VFDs ........................................ 119
Problems .................................................. 121
Questions ................................................. 122
Further Reading ........................................... 122
Chapter 5 Quality of Power ................................. 123
5.1 Power Quality Terminology ............................. 123
5.2 Electrical Bus Model .................................. 125
5.3 Harmonics ............................................. 128
5.4 Power Quality Studies ................................. 140
5.5 Harmonic Reduction .................................... 141
5.6 IEEE Standard 519 ..................................... 151
5.7 International Standards ............................... 153
Problems .................................................. 153
Questions ................................................. 155
Further Reading ........................................... 156
Chapter 6 Power Converter Cooling .......................... 157
6.1 Heat Transfer by Conduction ........................... 157
6.2 Multiple Conduction Paths ............................. 159
6.3 Convection and Radiation .............................. 162
6.4 Thermal Transient ..................................... 164
6.5 Water Cooling ......................................... 165
Problems .................................................. 173
Questions ................................................. 174
Further Reading ........................................... 175
Part B Electric Propulsion technologies
Chapter 7 Electric Propulsion Systems ...................... 179
7.1 Current Status of Electric Propulsion ................. 180
7.2 Integrated Electric Propulsion ........................ 185
7.3 Azimuth Z Drive ....................................... 186
7.4 Azimuth Pod Drive ..................................... 187
7.5 Advantages of Electric Propulsion ..................... 189
7.6 Electric Propulsion Architecture ...................... 194
7.7 Motor Drives and Speed Control ........................ 197
7.8 Power Electronics Converters for VFD .................. 198
7.9 Propulsion Power Requirement .......................... 203
Questions ................................................. 207
Further Reading ........................................... 207
Chapter 8 Propulsion Motors ................................ 209
8.1 Synchronous Motor ..................................... 210
8.2 Induction Motor ....................................... 211
8.3 Permanent Magnet Motor ................................ 212
8.4 Superconducting Synchronous Motor ..................... 214
8.5 Superconducting Homopolar Motor ....................... 217
8.6 Other Motor Types ..................................... 221
8.7 Other Components ...................................... 223
8.8 Notes on Propulsion Motors ............................ 223
Questions ................................................. 224
Further Reading ........................................... 224
Chapter 9 Superconductors in Navy Ships..................... 225
9.1 Superconductivity ..................................... 225
9.2 Degaussing Coil ....................................... 226
9.3 Synchronous Machines .................................. 229
9.4 Superconducting Energy Storage ........................ 231
9.5 Industry Applications ................................. 234
9.6 Research Applications ................................. 235
9.7 Critical B, J, T of the Superconductor ................ 237
9.8 Coil Design and Cooling ............................... 239
Questions ................................................. 241
Further Reading ........................................... 241
Chapter 10 Fuel Cell Power ................................. 243
10.1 Electrochemistry ..................................... 244
10.2 Electrical Performance ............................... 247
10.3 Common Fuel Cell Types ............................... 250
10.4 Present and Future Use ............................... 252
10.5 Present Development Issues ........................... 257
Questions ................................................. 258
Further Reading ........................................... 258
Chapter 11 Hybrid Propulsion ............................... 261
11.1 Environmental Regulations ............................ 261
11.2 Hybrid Tugboat ....................................... 262
11.3 Hybrid Ferry ......................................... 264
11.4 Hybrid Automobile .................................... 267
11.5 Magnetohydrodynamics Propulsion in Ships ............. 268
Questions ................................................. 271
Further Reading ........................................... 271
Part C Emerging Ocean Energy technologies
Chapter 12 Ocean Wave Power ................................ 275
12.1 Wave Power Estimate .................................. 275
12.2 Power Generation Schemes ............................. 278
Questions ................................................. 286
Further Reading ........................................... 286
Chapter 13 Marine Current Power ............................ 287
13.1 Speed and Power Relations ............................ 288
13.2 Present Developments ................................. 295
Questions ................................................. 298
Further Reading ........................................... 298
Chapter 14 Offshore Wind Power ............................. 299
14.1 Wind Power Theory .................................... 300
14.2 Offshore Advantages .................................. 304
14.3 Power Transmission to Shore .......................... 304
14.4 AC versus DC Cable ................................... 306
14.5 Offshore Foundations ................................. 308
14.6 Farshore Foundations ................................. 312
14.7 Installations and Maintenance ........................ 313
14.8 Forces on Structure .................................. 315
14.9 Materials and Corrosion .............................. 315
14.10 Offshore Wind Power Trends .......................... 317
14.11 Environmental Regulations ........................... 319
14.12 International Safety Regulation ..................... 319
Questions ................................................. 320
Further Reading ........................................... 321
Part D System Integration aspects
Chapter 15 Large-Scale Energy Storage ...................... 325
15.1 Electrochemical Battery .............................. 325
15.2 Supercapacitor ....................................... 326
15.3 Rotating Flywheel .................................... 328
15.4 Superconducting Coil ................................. 333
15.5 Compressed Air ....................................... 334
Questions ................................................. 336
Further Reading ........................................... 336
Chapter 16 System Reliability Fundamentals ................. 337
16.1 Failure Mechanisms ................................... 337
16.2 Aging of Power Electronics Devices ................... 338
16.3 Failure Rate in Time ................................. 338
16.4 Random Failures ...................................... 339
16.5 Fundamental Theorems of Reliability .................. 341
16.6 Series-Parallel Reliability .......................... 341
16.7 Redundancies ......................................... 344
16.8 Failure Rate Statistics .............................. 346
16.9 Mil-Hdbk-217 ......................................... 347
16.10 Part Count Method of Reliability Estimate ........... 348
16.11 Derating for Reliability............................. 349
16.12 Quick Estimate of Failure Rate ...................... 349
16.13 Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis .... 350
Questions ................................................. 350
Further Reading ........................................... 350
Index ..................................................... 351
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